Tabella grandezze termodinamiche

Thermodynamic Quantities for Substances and Ions at 25oC.

Inorganic Substances

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
e(g)0020.87

Aluminum

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Al(s)0028.3
Al3+(aq)–531–485–321.7
AlCl3(s)–705.6–630.1109.3
Al2Cl6(g)–1291–1221490
AlF3(s)–1504–142566.48
Al2O3(s )–1676–158250.94
Al(OH)3(s)–1276
Al2(SO4)3(s)–3441–3100239


Barium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Ba(s)0062.3
Ba2+(aq)–537.6–560.89.6
Ba2+(g)1649.9  
Ba(g)175.6144.8170.28
Ba+(g)684.6  
BaCO3(s)–1216–1138112
BaCl2(s)–858.1–810.4123.7
BaF2(s)–1209–115996.40
BaO(s)–548.1–520.472.09
Ba(OH)2(s)–946.0–859.4107
Ba(OH)2•8H2O(s)–3342–2793427
BaSO4(s)–1473–1362132

Beryllium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Be(s)009.54
BeCl2(s)–496.2–449.575.81
BeF2(s)–1027–979.553.35
BeO(s)–608.4–579.113.77

Bismuth

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Bi(s)0056.74
BiCl3(s–379–315177
Bi2O3(s)–573.9–493.7151

Boron

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
B(sβ-rhomohedral)005.86
BCl3(l)–427.2–387206
BF3(g)–1137–1120.3254.0
B2H6(g)3686.6232.0
B2O3(s)–1272–119353.8

Bromine

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Br(g)111.982.40174.90
Br(aq)–120.9–102.8280.71
Br(g)–218.9  
Br2(g)30.913.13245.38
Br2(l)00152.23
BrCl(g)14.6–0.96240.0
BrF3(g)–255.6–229.5292.4
BrF3(l)–300.8–240.6178.2
HBr(g)–36.40–53.43198.6

Cadmium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Cd(s)0051.76
Cd(g)112.878.20167.64
Cd2+(aq)–75.90–77.61–73.2
CdCl2(s)–391.5–344.0115.3
CdO(s)–258–22854.8
CdS(s)–144–14171

Calcium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Ca(s)0041.4
Ca(g)192.6158.9154.78
Ca2+(aq)–542.96–553.04–55.2
Ca2+(g)1934.1  
Ca+(g)788.6  
CaBr2(s)–682.8–663.6130.
CaCO3(s)–1207–112888.70
CaCl2(s)–795.8–748.1105
CaF2(s)–1220–116768.87
CaH2(s)–186–14742
Ca(NO3)2(s)–938.4–743.2193
CaO(s)–635.1–604.039.75
Ca(OH)2(s)–986.1–898.683.39
CaOH+(aq) –718.4 
Ca3(PO4)2(s)–4121–3885236
CaSO4(s)–1434–1322106.7



Carbon

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
C(g)716.7671.3158.0
C(sgraphite)005.74
C(sdiamond)1.902.902.38
CCl4(g)–102.9–60.63309.7
CCl4(l)–135.4–65.27216.2
C2N2(g)308.9297.2242.3
CN(aq)151166118
HCN(g)135125201.7
HCN(l)105121112.8
HCN(aq)105112129
CO(g)–110.5–137.2197.6
CO2(g)–393.5–394.4213.6
CO2(aq)–412.9–386.2121
CO32–(aq)–677.1–527.8–56.9
HCO3(aq)–691.11–587.0695.0
H2CO3(aq)–698.7–623.42191
C3O2(g)–93.72–109.8276.4
C3O2(l)–117.3–105.0181.1
COCl2(g)–220.9–206.8283.8
CH3Cl(g)–83.7–60.2234
CH2Cl2(l)–117–63.2179
CHCl3(l)–132–71.5203
COS(g)–138.4–165.6231.5
CS2(g)11766.9237.79
CS2(l)89.7065.27151.3

Cesium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Cs+(g)458.5427.1169.72
Cs+(aq)–248–282.0133
Cs(g)76.749.7175.5
Cs(s)0085.15
CsF(s)–554.7–525.488
CsCl(s)–442.8–414101.18
CsBr(s)–395–383121
CsI(s)–337–333130

Chlorine

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Cl(g)121.7105.7165.1
Cl(aq)–167.2–131.256.5
Cl(g)–234–240153.25
Cl2(g)00223.0
ClF3(g)–163.2–123.0281.5
ClO2(g)102.5120.5256.7
Cl2O(g)80.3397.49267.9
HCl(g)–92.31–95.30186.8
HCl(aq)–167.2–131.356.48

Chromium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Cr(s)0023.66
CrCl2(s)–395.4–356.0115.3
CrCl3(s)–556.5–486.1123.0
Cr2O3(s)–1135–105381.17
CrO42–(aq)–881.2–727.850.21
Cr2O72–(aq )–1490.3–1301.1261.9
[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq)–1971  

Cobalt

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Co(s)0030.0
Co2+(aq)–67.4–51.5–155
Co3+(aq)92.0134.0–305.0
CoO(s)–237.9–214.252.97
Co3O4(s)–891.0–774.0102.5
Co(OH)2(s, pink)–539.7–454.479.0
CoCl2(s)–312.5–269.8109.2

Copper

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Cu(s)0033.15
Cu(g)341.1301.4166.29
Cu+(aq)51.950.2–26
Cu2+(aq)64.7765.49–99.6
CuCl2(s)–220.1–175.7108.1
CuCO3•Cu(OH)2(s)–1051–893.7186
Cu2O(s)–168.6–146.093.14
CuO(s)–157.3–129.742.63
Cu(OH)2(s)–450.2–373108
CuSO4•5H2O(s)–2279.6–1880.1300.4

Fluorine

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
F(g)78.9961.92158.7
F –(g)–255.6–262.5145.47
F –(aq)–332.6–278.8–13.8
F2(g)00202.7
HF(g)–271.1–273.2173.7

Helium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
He(g)00126.0

Hydrogen

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
H(g)218.0203.3114.6
H+(g)1536.31517.1108.83
H+(aq)000
H3O+(aq)–285.8 69.91
H2(g)00130.6
HBr(g)–36.40–53.43198.6
HCl(g)–92.31–95.30186.8
HCl(aq)–167.2–131.356.48
HCN(g)135125201.7
HF(g)–271.1–273.2173.7
HI(g)26.481.72206.5
HNO3(l)–173.2–79.91155.6
HNO3(aq)–207.4–113.3146.4
H2O(g)–241.8–228.6188.7
H2O(l)–285.8–237.269.91
H2O2(g)–136.1–105.5232.9
H2O2(l)–187.8–120.4110
H2O2(aq)–191.2–134.1144
H2S(g)–20.63–33.56205.7
H2SO4(l)–814.0–690.1156.9
H2SO4(aq)–909.3–744.620.08

Iodine

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
I(g)106.870.28180.7
I(g)–194.7  
I(aq)–55.19–51.57111.3
I2(g)62.4419.36260.6
I2(s)00116.1
IBr(g)40.843.72258.7
ICl(g)17.78–5.44247.4
ICl(l)–23.89–13.60135.1
HI(g)26.481.72206.5

Iron

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Fe(s)0027.28
Fe(l)13.1311.0534.29
Fe2+(aq)–89.1–78.90–137.7
Fe3+(aq)–48.5–4.7–315.9
FeCO3(s)–740.6–666.792.88
FeCl2(s)–341.8–302.3118.0
FeCl3(s)–399.5–334.1142.3
FeO(s)–272.0–251.560.75
Fe2O3(s)–824.2–742.287.40
Fe3O4(s)–1118.4–1015.4146.4
Fe(OH)3(s)–823.0–696.6107

Lead

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Pb(s)0064.81
Pb2+(aq)–1.7–24.4310.5
PbBr2(s)–278.7 161.5
PbCl2(s)–359–314136
PbI2(s)–175.5–173.6174.8
PbO(sred)–219.0–189.266.5
PbO2(s)–277–217.468.6
PbS(s)–98.3–96.791.3
PbSO4(s)–919.9–813.2148.6

Lithium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Li(s)0029.12
Li+(aq)–278.5–293.313.4
Li(g)161128138.67
Li+(g)687.163649.989132.91
LiF(s)–616.9–588.735.66
LiCl(s)–408.6–384.459.33
LiBr(s)–351–34274.1
LiI(s)–270–27085.8
Li2O(s)–597.94–561.1837.57
LiOH(s)–484.9–439.042.80
LiNO3(s)–483.1–381.190.0

Magnesium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Mg(s)0032.69
Mg(g)150115148.55
Mg+(g)894.1  
Mg2+(g)2351  
Mg2+(aq)–466.9–454.8–138.1
MgCl2(s)–641.3–591.889.62
MgCO3(s)–1096–101265.7
MgF2(s)–1124–107157.24
MgO(s)–601.7–569.426.94
MgOH+(aq) –626.7 
Mg(OH)2(s)–924.7–833.963.18
Mg3N2(s)–461–40188
MgSO4(s)–1285–117191.6

Manganese

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Mn(s)0032.0
Mn2+(aq)–220.8–228.1–73.6
MnCl2(s)–481.3–440.5118.2
MnO2(s)–520–465.253.05
MnO4(aq)–541.4–447.2191.2
MnO42–(aq)–653.0–500.759.0

Mercury

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Hg(g)61.3231.85174.9
Hg(l)0076.02
Hg2+(aq) 164.8 
Hg22+(aq)172.4153.984.5
HgCl2(s)–230–184144
Hg2Br2(s)–206.9 218.0
Hg2Cl2(s)–265.4–210.66191.6
Hg2I2(s)–121.3 233.5
HgO(s)–90.83–58.5670.29

Nickel

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Ni(s)0030.1
Ni2+(aq)–64.0–46.4–159
NiCl2(s)–305.3–259.097.7
Ni(OH)2(s)–529.7–447.288.0

Nitrogen

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
N(g)472.7455.6153.2
N2(g)00191.5
NF3(g)–124.7–83.2260.7
NH3(g)–46.11–16.48192.3
NH3(aq)–80.29–26.57111.3
NH4+(aq)–132.5–79.31113.4
NH4Br(s)–270.8–175113.0
NH4Cl(s)–314.4–203.094.56
NH4F(s)–464.0–348.871.96
NH4HCO3(s)–849.4–666.1121
NH4I(s)–201.4–113117
NH4NO3(s)–365.6–184.0151.1
NH4NO3(aq)–339.9–190.7259.8
(NH4)2SO4(s)–1181–901.9220.1
N2H4(g)95.40159.3238.4
N2H4(l)50.63149.2121.2
NO(g)90.2586.57210.6
N2O(g)82.05104.2219.7
NO2(g)33.1851.30240.0
N2O4(g)9.1697.82304.2
N2O4(l)–19.697.40209.2
N2O5(g)11.3115.1355.7
NO3(aq)–205.0–108.7146.4
HNO3(l)–173.2–79.91155.6
HNO3(aq)–207.4–113.3146.4
NOBr(g)82.1782.4273.5
NOCl(g)51.7166.07261.6

Oxygen

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
O(g)249.2231.7160.9
O2(g)00205.0
O3(g)142.7163.2238.8
OH(aq)–230.0–157.2–10.75
OF2(g)24.541.8247.3

Phosphorous

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
P(g)333.9292.0163.1
P(α ,swhite)0041.1
P4(sred)–17.6–12.122.8
P2(g)146.2103.8218.0
P4(g)58.924.5279.9
PCl3(g)–287.0–267.8311.7
PCl3(l)–319.7–272.3217.1
PCl5(g)–374.5–305.0364.5
PCl5(l)–443.5
PH3(g)5.413.4210.1
P4O10(s)–2984–2698228.9
PO43(aq)–1277–1019–222
HPO42(aq)–1292.1–1089.3–33
H2PO4(aq)–1296.3–1130.490.4
H3PO4(aq)–1288.3–1142.7158

Potassium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
K(g)89.2460.63160.2
K(l)2.280.2671.46
K(s)0064.18
K+(aq)–252.4–283.3102.5
K+(g)514.197481.202154.47
KBr(s)–393.8–380.795.90
KCN(s)–113–101.9128.5
KCl(s)–436.7–409.282.59
KClO3(s)–397.7–296.3143
KClO4(s)–432.8–303.2151.0
KF(s)–567.3–537.866.57
KI(s)–327.9–324.9106.3
KNO3(s)–494.6–394.9133.1
KOH(s)–424.8–379.178.87
KOH(aq)–482.4–440.591.63
K2SO4(s)–1438–1321175.6


Rubidium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Rb+(g)495.04  
Rb+(aq)–246–282.2124
Rb(g)85.8155.86169.99
Rb(s)0069.5
RbF(s)–549.28  
RbCl(s)–430.58  
RbBr(s)–389.2–378.1108.3
RbI(s)–328–326118.0

Silicon

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Si(s)0018.8
SiH4(g)3456.9204.5
Si2H6(g)80.3127272.5
SiO2(s, quartz)–910.9–856.541.84

Silver

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Ag(s)0042.55
Ag(g)289.2250.4172.892
Ag+(aq)105.677.1172.68
AgBr(s)–100.4–96.90107
AgCl(s)–127.1–109.896.2
AgF(s)–203–18584
AgI(s)–61.84–66.19115
AgNO3(s)–124.4–33.5140.9
Ag2O(s)–31.0–11.2121
Ag2S(s)–31.8–40.3146
Ag2SO4(s)–715.9–618.5200.4

Sodium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Na(g)107.376.78153.6
Na(l)2.410.5057.86
Na(s)0051.21
Na+(aq)–240.1–261.959.0
Na+(g)609.839574.877147.85
Na2(g)142.0104.0230.1
NaBr(s)–361.1–349.086.82
Na2CO3(s)–1131–1044135.0
NaHCO3(s)–950.8–851.0102
NaCl(s)–411.1–384.072.13
NaCl(aq)–407.3–393.1115.5
NaClO3(s)–365.8–262.3123
NaClO4(s)–383.3–254.9142.3
NaF(s)–573.7–543.551.46
NaH(s)–56.27–33.540.02
NaI(s)–287.8–286.198.53
NaNO3(s)–467.9–367.1116.5
NaNO3(aq)–447.4–373.2205.4
Na2O2(s)–510.9–447.794.98
NaOH(s)–425.6–379.564.48
NaOH(aq)–469.2–419.248.1
NaH2PO4(s)–1537–1386127.5
Na2HPO4(s)–1748–1608150.5
Na3PO4(s)–1917–1789173.8
NaHSO4(s)–1125–992.9113
Na2SO4(s)–1387–1270149.6
Na2SO4(aq)–1390–1268138.1
Na2SO4•10H2O(s)–4327–3647592.0
Na2S2O3(s)–1123–1028155


Strontium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Sr2+(g)1784  
Sr2+(aq)–545.8–557.3–32.6
Sr+(g)719.6  
Sr(g)164110164.54
Sr(s)0054.4
SrCl2(s)–828.4–781.2117
SrF2(s)–1216.3 82.1
SrO(s)–592.0–562.455.5
SrCO3(s)–1218–113897.1
SrSO4(s)–1445–1334122

Sulfur

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
S(srhombic)0031.8
S(smonoclinic)0.300.09632.6
S8(g)102.349.16430.2
S(g)279239168
S2(g)12980.1228.1
S2–(aq)41.883.722
HS(aq)–17.712.661.1
H2S(g)–20.63–33.56205.7
H2S(aq)–39–27.4122
S2Cl2(g)–18.4–31.8331.5
SF6(g)–1209–1105291.7
SO2(g)–296.8–300.2248.1
SO3(g)–395.7–371.1256.6
SO42–(aq)–909.3–744.520.1
HSO4(aq)–885.75–752.87126.9
H2SO4(l)–814.0–690.1156.9
H2SO4(aq)–909.3–744.620.08
S2O32–(aq )–648.5–522.567
SO2Cl2(g)–364.0–320.0311.8
SO2Cl2(aq)–394.1–314207

Tin

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Sn(swhite)0051.55
Sn(sgray)–2.10.144.14
SnCl4(l)–511.3–440.2259
SnO(s)–286–25756.5
SnO2(s)–580.7–519.752.3

Titanium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Ti(s)0030.6
 TiCl2(s)–513.8–464.487.4
 TiCl3(s)–720.9–653.5139.7
TiCl4(g–763.2–726.8355
 TiCl4(l)–804.2–737.2252.3
 TiO2(s)–944.7–889.550.33

Uranium

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
U(s)0050.21
UF6(g–2147–2064378
UF6(s)–2197–2069228
UO2(s)–1085–103277.03

Zinc

Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
Zn(s)0041.6
Zn(g)130.594.93160.9
Zn2+(aq)–153.9–147.1–112.1
ZnCl2(s)–415.1–369.4111.5
Zn(OH)2(s)–641.9–553.581.2
ZnO(s)–348.3–318.343.64
ZnS(szincblende)–203–19857.7
Organic Substances
Substance or IonΔ Hfo (kJ/mol)Δ Gfo (kJ/mol)So (J/mol•K)
CH4(g) methane–74.81–50.75186.2
C2H2(g) acetylene226.7209.2200.8
C2H4(g) ethylene52.2668.12219.4
C2H6(g) ethane–84.68–32.89229.5
C3H8(g) propane–103.8–23.56270.2
C4H10(g) butane–125.7–17.15310.1
C6H6(g) benzene82.93129.7269.2
C6H6(l) benzene48.99124.4173.3
C6H12(g) cyclohexane–123.131.8298.2
C6H12(l) cyclohexane–156.226.7204.3
C10H8(g) naphthalene149223.6335.6
C10H8(s) naphthalene75.3201.0166.9
HCHO(g) formaldehyde–117.0–110.0218.7
CH3OH(g) methanol–200.7–162.0239.7
CH3OH(l) methanol–238.7–166.4126.8
CH3CHO(g) acetaldehyde–166.1–133.4246.4
CH3CHO(l) acetaldehyde–191.8–128.3160.4
C2H5OH(g) ethanol–234.4–167.9282.6
C2H5OH(l) ethanol–277.7–174.9160.7
C6H5OH(s) phenol–165.0–50.42144.0
(CH3)2CO(g) acetone–216.6–153.1294.9
(CH3)2CO(l) acetone–247.6–155.7200.4
HCOOH(l) formic acid–409–346129.0
HCOOH(aq) formic acid–410–356164
HCOO(aq) formate ion–410–33591.6
CH3COOH(g) acetic acid–432.3–374.0282.5
CH3COOH(l) acetic acid–484.1–389.9159.8
CH3COOH(aq) acetic acid–488.3–396.6178.7
C6H5COOH(s) benzoic acid–385.1–245.3167.6
CH3NH2(g) methylamine–23.032.3242.6
C6H5NH2(g) aniline86.86166.7319.2
C6H5NH2(l) aniline31.6149.1191.3
C6H12O6(s) glucose–1273.3–910.4212.1
C12H22O11(s) sucrose–2226.1 360.2

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